<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/"
		>
<channel>
	<title>Comments on: McKitrick: What the Hockey Stick Debate is About?</title>
	<atom:link href="http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/</link>
	<description>by Steve McIntyre</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 03:49:34 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.com/</generator>
	<item>
		<title>By: OzJuggler</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-324191</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OzJuggler]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 11 Feb 2012 10:48:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-324191</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Steve, sorry but that doesn&#039;t really seem to answer the question. In the GRL paper your own diagram shows the example red noise hockey stick is 10 times smaller in scale than the final MBH98 hockey stick. The example was constructed from noise profiles with the same magnitude as the real data because they were based on the real data&#039;s autocorrelation function, yes? And on top of that you divide the series (noise and real) by their SD because the PCA is made more robust by using normalised values, yes? Well the red-noise contrivance produced a hockey stick shape, but not The MBH Hockey Stick magnitude. Therefore &quot;The Hockey Stick&quot; (in both size and shape) was not an artefact only of the technique, so it must be inherent in the tree data. How is that not a fair judgement?  

&lt;strong&gt;Steve: the MBH PC1 has EXACTLY the same scale as the synthetic PC1s. This is necessarily so because of how singular value decomposition works. The scale of both gets converted to degrees in the regression phase.  There has been considerable disinformation about this from critics of ours, but you&#039;ll notice that neither Mann himself nor wahl and Ammann raised this particular criticism. 
&lt;/strong&gt;

I&#039;ve read Ross&#039;s description so I understand how the freak trees were amplified.  
Is it fair to say the only reason The Mann Hockey Stick was not produced from noise is because no noise sequence had randomly produced a freak late 20th century growth spurt in any series that was fast enough to be exaggerated to that scale?
If you put a single freak Sheep Mountain tree into the rest of the hundreds of noise samples you used, do you get the no-trend PC suddenly convert into the MBH98 icon?

&lt;strong&gt;Steve: Mannian PCs are a very biased methodology. If you put a couple of HS-shaped series into a series with a different signal, you will get a HS. See our Reply to VZ.

&lt;/strong&gt;

Surely the physical reasons (eg the Divergence Problem) are a much greater reason to reject the MBH hockey stick than the statistical reasons (eg- the slight effect of non-standard centering and non-standard PC thresholding) ?

Sorry if this is old ground, but I&#039;ve been a climate skeptic for many years and am only now hearing that some of the things I&#039;ve been told over the years may not be the whole story. If this has been answered already in the intervening 7 years, just show me the thread.

&lt;strong&gt;Steve: if you read our articles rather than secondary sources, you&#039;ll see that the red noise argument, though it attracted a lot of attention, is only one of several important criticisms.  In retrospect, I would have placed additional weight on questions and issues arising on application of principal components (of any type, not just Mannian incorrect principal components) to tree ring networks.  I look attentively at criticisms of our position and none to date have undermined our points. There&#039;s a great deal of disinformation. I would have expected specialists in the field to be understand the criticisms better than they have and have become a bit bored with what seems to be wilful obtuseness.
&lt;/strong&gt;]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Steve, sorry but that doesn&#8217;t really seem to answer the question. In the GRL paper your own diagram shows the example red noise hockey stick is 10 times smaller in scale than the final MBH98 hockey stick. The example was constructed from noise profiles with the same magnitude as the real data because they were based on the real data&#8217;s autocorrelation function, yes? And on top of that you divide the series (noise and real) by their SD because the PCA is made more robust by using normalised values, yes? Well the red-noise contrivance produced a hockey stick shape, but not The MBH Hockey Stick magnitude. Therefore &#8220;The Hockey Stick&#8221; (in both size and shape) was not an artefact only of the technique, so it must be inherent in the tree data. How is that not a fair judgement?  </p>
<p><strong>Steve: the MBH PC1 has EXACTLY the same scale as the synthetic PC1s. This is necessarily so because of how singular value decomposition works. The scale of both gets converted to degrees in the regression phase.  There has been considerable disinformation about this from critics of ours, but you&#8217;ll notice that neither Mann himself nor wahl and Ammann raised this particular criticism.<br />
</strong></p>
<p>I&#8217;ve read Ross&#8217;s description so I understand how the freak trees were amplified.<br />
Is it fair to say the only reason The Mann Hockey Stick was not produced from noise is because no noise sequence had randomly produced a freak late 20th century growth spurt in any series that was fast enough to be exaggerated to that scale?<br />
If you put a single freak Sheep Mountain tree into the rest of the hundreds of noise samples you used, do you get the no-trend PC suddenly convert into the MBH98 icon?</p>
<p><strong>Steve: Mannian PCs are a very biased methodology. If you put a couple of HS-shaped series into a series with a different signal, you will get a HS. See our Reply to VZ.</p>
<p></strong></p>
<p>Surely the physical reasons (eg the Divergence Problem) are a much greater reason to reject the MBH hockey stick than the statistical reasons (eg- the slight effect of non-standard centering and non-standard PC thresholding) ?</p>
<p>Sorry if this is old ground, but I&#8217;ve been a climate skeptic for many years and am only now hearing that some of the things I&#8217;ve been told over the years may not be the whole story. If this has been answered already in the intervening 7 years, just show me the thread.</p>
<p><strong>Steve: if you read our articles rather than secondary sources, you&#8217;ll see that the red noise argument, though it attracted a lot of attention, is only one of several important criticisms.  In retrospect, I would have placed additional weight on questions and issues arising on application of principal components (of any type, not just Mannian incorrect principal components) to tree ring networks.  I look attentively at criticisms of our position and none to date have undermined our points. There&#8217;s a great deal of disinformation. I would have expected specialists in the field to be understand the criticisms better than they have and have become a bit bored with what seems to be wilful obtuseness.<br />
</strong></p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: William Hayden Smith</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-324005</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[William Hayden Smith]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Feb 2012 18:00:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-324005</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[As a user of SVD methods, I can answer generically the questions posed by OzJuggler. 
In a scene, the number of components that can be resolved depends upon the spectral contract (variability) and the signal-to-noise (S/N)of the measurements. The more structure in the spectrum and the higher the S/N in the data, the more components can be distinguished in the data. So far, so good. 
For example, a terrestrial scene compared with an ocean scene for the same S/N (assuming the S/N is high and not near unity) has more distnguishable components since the spectral contrast is always higher, or put another way, water completely dominates the ocean scene, as you might expect. 
Tree ring data, along with other climate proxies, has a fundamental problem. The spectral contrast (ring variability) arises from multiple causes. SVD assumes an orthonormal basis set, and as a result, picks out the optimum basis for decomposition, which is NOT simply temperature, precipitation or other climate variables. Nonetheless, the observations ARE interpreted without KNOWING what the S/N is with regard to the climate parameters being evaluated. The proxy may show correlation but through what parametrization with regard to the climate is not known. One HOPES the basis vectors are known climate parameters such as temperature, precipitation, mean wind fields, insect infestatios, or other known components. Forcing the basis set to BE well defined climate components and then extracting the principle components will always achieve a best fit, but uniqueness does not exist. 
Put succinctly, SVD assumes you KNOW the correct orthonormal basis upon which to decompose the measurements, which you never do. So, SVD must be taken with a LARGE grain of salt, however it is used. If a scene has only two or three major components, and you extract some vectors from SVD which resemble the expected components, then the agreement makes you feel good, but since it is not unique, I would not bet my house on it either way.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As a user of SVD methods, I can answer generically the questions posed by OzJuggler.<br />
In a scene, the number of components that can be resolved depends upon the spectral contract (variability) and the signal-to-noise (S/N)of the measurements. The more structure in the spectrum and the higher the S/N in the data, the more components can be distinguished in the data. So far, so good.<br />
For example, a terrestrial scene compared with an ocean scene for the same S/N (assuming the S/N is high and not near unity) has more distnguishable components since the spectral contrast is always higher, or put another way, water completely dominates the ocean scene, as you might expect.<br />
Tree ring data, along with other climate proxies, has a fundamental problem. The spectral contrast (ring variability) arises from multiple causes. SVD assumes an orthonormal basis set, and as a result, picks out the optimum basis for decomposition, which is NOT simply temperature, precipitation or other climate variables. Nonetheless, the observations ARE interpreted without KNOWING what the S/N is with regard to the climate parameters being evaluated. The proxy may show correlation but through what parametrization with regard to the climate is not known. One HOPES the basis vectors are known climate parameters such as temperature, precipitation, mean wind fields, insect infestatios, or other known components. Forcing the basis set to BE well defined climate components and then extracting the principle components will always achieve a best fit, but uniqueness does not exist.<br />
Put succinctly, SVD assumes you KNOW the correct orthonormal basis upon which to decompose the measurements, which you never do. So, SVD must be taken with a LARGE grain of salt, however it is used. If a scene has only two or three major components, and you extract some vectors from SVD which resemble the expected components, then the agreement makes you feel good, but since it is not unique, I would not bet my house on it either way.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: OzJuggler</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-324001</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OzJuggler]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Feb 2012 16:39:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-324001</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[An SkS user called &quot;caerbannog&quot; says that McIntyre doesn&#039;t know how to apply SVD.
http://www.skepticalscience.com/MichaelMann.html#70788

He says:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
The bottom line is, unless you look at the singular values, you can&#039;t say *anything* about your data. You can&#039;t simply look at the principal components (aka singular vectors) without considering the associated singular value magnitudes and draw any reasonable conclusions about whether your data vectors contain a &quot;common signal&quot; or are just random noise. Without the information provided by the singular values, you simply can&#039;t tell (no matter what your principal-components look like).

But that&#039;s exactly what skeptics did when they attacked Mann by claiming that his procedure generates hockey sticks from random noise. They never bothered to compare their &quot;noise hockey stick&quot; singular values with Mann&#039;s &quot;tree-ring&quot; singular values.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Could McIntyre respond, perhaps by saying whether this is a red herring argument about the validity of the temperature hockey stick, or whether caerbannog actually has a valid point.

&lt;strong&gt;Steve: In our 2005 GRL article, we comment on &quot;eigenvalues&quot; from simulations as compared to Mann&#039;s.  &quot;eigenvalues&quot; are the same thing as &quot;singular values&quot;.  Not that the issue turns entirely on eigenvalue significance.  The bristlecones in the AD1000 network are &quot;significant&quot; even without Mann&#039;s erroneous PC method - a point made in our 2005 EE article. That doesn&#039;t mean that they are magic thermometers.  Other important issues in these articles are the failure of verification statistics said to have been used in MBH (verification r2) and the unreliability of RE as an arbiter of reconstruction validity in the face of spurious correlation.
  
&lt;/strong&gt;]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>An SkS user called &#8220;caerbannog&#8221; says that McIntyre doesn&#8217;t know how to apply SVD.<br />
<a href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/MichaelMann.html#70788" rel="nofollow">http://www.skepticalscience.com/MichaelMann.html#70788</a></p>
<p>He says:</p>
<blockquote><p>
The bottom line is, unless you look at the singular values, you can&#8217;t say *anything* about your data. You can&#8217;t simply look at the principal components (aka singular vectors) without considering the associated singular value magnitudes and draw any reasonable conclusions about whether your data vectors contain a &#8220;common signal&#8221; or are just random noise. Without the information provided by the singular values, you simply can&#8217;t tell (no matter what your principal-components look like).</p>
<p>But that&#8217;s exactly what skeptics did when they attacked Mann by claiming that his procedure generates hockey sticks from random noise. They never bothered to compare their &#8220;noise hockey stick&#8221; singular values with Mann&#8217;s &#8220;tree-ring&#8221; singular values.
</p></blockquote>
<p>Could McIntyre respond, perhaps by saying whether this is a red herring argument about the validity of the temperature hockey stick, or whether caerbannog actually has a valid point.</p>
<p><strong>Steve: In our 2005 GRL article, we comment on &#8220;eigenvalues&#8221; from simulations as compared to Mann&#8217;s.  &#8220;eigenvalues&#8221; are the same thing as &#8220;singular values&#8221;.  Not that the issue turns entirely on eigenvalue significance.  The bristlecones in the AD1000 network are &#8220;significant&#8221; even without Mann&#8217;s erroneous PC method &#8211; a point made in our 2005 EE article. That doesn&#8217;t mean that they are magic thermometers.  Other important issues in these articles are the failure of verification statistics said to have been used in MBH (verification r2) and the unreliability of RE as an arbiter of reconstruction validity in the face of spurious correlation.</p>
<p></strong></p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: The Liberty Papers &#187;Blog Archive &#187; Climate Gate 2.0 – What is it, why does it matter?</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-313712</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Liberty Papers &#187;Blog Archive &#187; Climate Gate 2.0 – What is it, why does it matter?]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2011 12:41:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-313712</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] The first controversy, “hiding the decline” is related to an attempt to create a global temperature record by Dr Michael Mann of Penn State, who used records of tree-cores collected at a handful of sites across the world to create a historical temperature record. By measuring the density and thickness of the rings, one can create a record going back about a thousand years of tree growth. Dr Mann used a statistical process that is a variant of Principal Component Analysis to generate identify which sets of tree-cores had growth patterns that most closely tracked temperature in the past hundred years. He presumed that these sets of cores would maintain a similar relationship with temperature throughout the entire record. By mathematically applying this transformation to the tree-core data, he produced the thousand year reconstruction known colloquially as the Mann Hockey Stick, which played a central role in both IPCC reports and in Al Gore&#8217;s movie, and Inconvenient Truth. At this point, I should digress to explain several critical flaws in Michael Mann&#8217;s work that doom this effort. [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] The first controversy, “hiding the decline” is related to an attempt to create a global temperature record by Dr Michael Mann of Penn State, who used records of tree-cores collected at a handful of sites across the world to create a historical temperature record. By measuring the density and thickness of the rings, one can create a record going back about a thousand years of tree growth. Dr Mann used a statistical process that is a variant of Principal Component Analysis to generate identify which sets of tree-cores had growth patterns that most closely tracked temperature in the past hundred years. He presumed that these sets of cores would maintain a similar relationship with temperature throughout the entire record. By mathematically applying this transformation to the tree-core data, he produced the thousand year reconstruction known colloquially as the Mann Hockey Stick, which played a central role in both IPCC reports and in Al Gore&#8217;s movie, and Inconvenient Truth. At this point, I should digress to explain several critical flaws in Michael Mann&#8217;s work that doom this effort. [...]</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: The Inconvenient Skeptic &#187; The Scientific American throws down the gaunlet!!!</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-281658</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Inconvenient Skeptic &#187; The Scientific American throws down the gaunlet!!!]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 2011 14:10:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-281658</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] skeptics going through the process of trying to replicate the results of climate scientists.  Steve McIntyre is one of those that tried to replicate the results of Dr. Mann who produced the hockey stick and [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] skeptics going through the process of trying to replicate the results of climate scientists.  Steve McIntyre is one of those that tried to replicate the results of Dr. Mann who produced the hockey stick and [...]</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Hide the Decline &#8211; igen &#124; The Climate Scam</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-259075</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hide the Decline &#8211; igen &#124; The Climate Scam]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 25 Mar 2011 23:10:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-259075</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] kritiserades hårt och framgångsrikt av matematikern och gruvingenjören Steve McIntyre och ekonomiprofessorn [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] kritiserades hårt och framgångsrikt av matematikern och gruvingenjören Steve McIntyre och ekonomiprofessorn [...]</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: The “ten second” guide to the world of climate skeptics : Infowars Ireland</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-258265</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The “ten second” guide to the world of climate skeptics : Infowars Ireland]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Mar 2011 04:52:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-258265</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] I used to believe in man-made global warming. Then I found out that there was another side to the story and I was shocked. The good name of science is being exploited. Over $79 billion dollars has been fed into one side of a scientific question, while almost none has been put into auditing the reports, checking the results, or investigating other theories. (Which National Institute do climate skeptics apply for a job at? Answer: None.) We paid to find a crisis, and we got what we paid for. Thousands of skeptics are working pro bono because they are outraged. Retired scientists and engineers and teams of helpers are independently auditing official reports. They are busting major peer reviewed papers. [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] I used to believe in man-made global warming. Then I found out that there was another side to the story and I was shocked. The good name of science is being exploited. Over $79 billion dollars has been fed into one side of a scientific question, while almost none has been put into auditing the reports, checking the results, or investigating other theories. (Which National Institute do climate skeptics apply for a job at? Answer: None.) We paid to find a crisis, and we got what we paid for. Thousands of skeptics are working pro bono because they are outraged. Retired scientists and engineers and teams of helpers are independently auditing official reports. They are busting major peer reviewed papers. [...]</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Who believes in &#34;Global Warming&#34; - Page 8 - Genesis Forum: GenCoupe Hyundai Genesis Forums</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-257159</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Who believes in &#34;Global Warming&#34; - Page 8 - Genesis Forum: GenCoupe Hyundai Genesis Forums]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Mar 2011 06:49:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-257159</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...]  [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...]  [...]</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: long</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-245826</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[long]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 21:59:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-245826</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[timing for your warming and cooling is off.

&lt;strong&gt;RomanM:  You have now posted under the names:

Jim
iron
bill
bob
insults
Maybe
G
Gogo
lingo
lity
long

This type of trollish behavior is a sign of an extremely childish and immature individual who in my opinion we can all do without.

I have not deleted the comments (although I am hoping Steve will decide to do so), but the next time you post without properly identifying yourself, all of your comments are unrecorded history.&lt;/strong&gt;]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>timing for your warming and cooling is off.</p>
<p><strong>RomanM:  You have now posted under the names:</p>
<p>Jim<br />
iron<br />
bill<br />
bob<br />
insults<br />
Maybe<br />
G<br />
Gogo<br />
lingo<br />
lity<br />
long</p>
<p>This type of trollish behavior is a sign of an extremely childish and immature individual who in my opinion we can all do without.</p>
<p>I have not deleted the comments (although I am hoping Steve will decide to do so), but the next time you post without properly identifying yourself, all of your comments are unrecorded history.</strong></p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: long</title>
		<link>http://climateaudit.org/2005/04/08/mckitrick-what-the-hockey-stick-debate-is-about/#comment-245825</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[long]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 21:55:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">/?p=166#comment-245825</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Mark
30 millions years ago was not in the middle a glaciation cycle. It was around the time the first permanent ice at the south pole was forming but a lot warmer than today. Definely not an ice age.

You may have read the same paper about the suns activity as I read. That one has been challenged by later papers working on the same data. The corrections used for the 8Ky paper introduced a bias (reminds me of the hokey graph).

You do not explain what your standards for &quot;good&quot; or not &quot;good&quot; evidence are (or even what your point is about cosmic rays). I hope you did more of your homework on cosmic rays than you did for your other topics.

&quot;no evidence for Co2&quot; comment. I have heard this one before a million times. Try refuting evidence rather than denying its existence. Everyone I have ever heard make this argument uses arbitrary and counter intuitive standards for what is and isn&#039;t evidence. Either that or they are just ignorant.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mark<br />
30 millions years ago was not in the middle a glaciation cycle. It was around the time the first permanent ice at the south pole was forming but a lot warmer than today. Definely not an ice age.</p>
<p>You may have read the same paper about the suns activity as I read. That one has been challenged by later papers working on the same data. The corrections used for the 8Ky paper introduced a bias (reminds me of the hokey graph).</p>
<p>You do not explain what your standards for &#8220;good&#8221; or not &#8220;good&#8221; evidence are (or even what your point is about cosmic rays). I hope you did more of your homework on cosmic rays than you did for your other topics.</p>
<p>&#8220;no evidence for Co2&#8243; comment. I have heard this one before a million times. Try refuting evidence rather than denying its existence. Everyone I have ever heard make this argument uses arbitrary and counter intuitive standards for what is and isn&#8217;t evidence. Either that or they are just ignorant.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
</channel>
</rss>

