Tropical and Arctic Tropopause

Hans Erren observes:
one other serious complication exists in the real world which we shouldn’t overlook. There are two stable tropopause heights observed in the atmosphere:
Tropical tropopause
Arctic tropopause

At their boundaries (mid lattitude) the most intersting weather occurs, where most people live and where climate change affects the most people. What will happen with increased CO2, will the tropcal troposphere move northwards, will the interaction beteen arctic and tropica tropopause become more or less active?

lots of guessing and scaremongering is happening.

tropopause profile
http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html
tropopause height

tropopause maps
http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~hakim/tropo/
north pole view

David Smith observes:
The 1970s climate regime shift included a tropical tropopause temperature shift . The pattern is similar, but of a smaller magnitude, in the extratropical tropics.

This is based on NCEP reanalysis data.

I offer no conjecture as to why this apparent shift happened. The pressure-height of the tropical tropopause did not shift at the same time, which adds to this little puzzle.

More on Functional Forms: Wigley 1987

Over the last week or so, I’ve reported on my efforts to locate the provenance of the functional forms for the relationship between levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases and temperature. Luboš has also chipped in on the topic from a different perspective proposing a derivation of a log formula from first principles.

We’ve noted that AR4 endorsed these particular TAR results (here), that Myhre et al 1998 was the primary source for these TAR results here and that Myhre et al 1998 specifically applied the IPCC 1990 forms (see here ); we noted that IPCC 1990 attributed the forms to Wigley 1987 and Hansen et al 1988 (see here for IPCC 1990 discussion) and that Hansen et al 1988 Appendix B simply stated results, attributed there to the Lacis et al 1981 radiative-convective model.

The other leg of their argument was Wigley 1987, published in Climate Monitor, a CRU house organ where Wigley was then employed. I doubt whether this was severely “peer reviewed”. However, the CRU authors are leaders in their field and I see no reason to disrespect Wigley 1987 merely because it appeared in a house organ. However, it has not been easy to locate. The University of Toronto did not have a copy; Wigley himself said that he did not have a copy. However a CA reader has located a copy and kindly emailed me a scanned version, enabling this source to be tracked down a bit further.

Once more there’s rather a dead end. Wigley 1987 simply stated his results, rather than deriving them, as shown below. Wigley also had some interesting comments about GCM performance in this article, which I’ve also excerpted at length below.
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Inside the HO83 Hygrothermometer

Hygrothermometer
HO83 ASOS Hygrothermometer
(temperature/dewpoint sensor)

Much has been written about problems with artificially high temperature readings due to the HO83 aspirated air temperature/dewpoint temperature sensor used on NOAA Automated Surface Observing Stations (ASOS). The most famous problem occurred in Tucson, AZ in the mid 1980’s where a malfunctioning HO83 unit created dozens of new high temperature records for the city, even though surrounding areas had no such measured extremes. Unfortunately those new high temperature records includign the all time high of 117 degrees F, became part of the official climate record and still stand today. Here is a New York Times article that highlights the problem and a research paper from Kessler et al outlining similar problems in Albany New York as well as Tucson.

But we haven’t really known much about the detail and inner workings of the HO83. Fortunately, I’ve located a NOAA training course on the original model HO83 and its improved replacement, the model 1088 The NOAA online tutorial provides some detail on its inner workings, with pictorials and schematics.

See the NOAA HO83/1088 online training course.

In an internal NOAA Document from 2002 that outlines a software upgrade that was designed to improve performance and reliability of the ASOS temperature and dewpoint system, they have a description of its operation:

1.1.2 New Dew Point Temperature Replacement Sensor Currently ASOS uses a hygrothermometer (H083 or 1088) sensor for measuring both ambient and dew point temperatures. This sensor uses a platinum wire Resistive Temperature Device (RTD) to measure ambient temperature and a chilled mirror to determine dew point temperature. The mirror is cooled by a thermoelectric or Peltier cooler until dew or frost begins to condense on the mirror surface. The body of the mirror contains a platinum wire RTD and the mirror’s temperature is measured and reported as the dew point temperature. The ambient temperature sensor for both hygrothermometers meets ASOS performance requirements.

The dew point temperature sensor performance is below expectations.

In order to improve the performance of the dew point temperature sensor, the NWS looked for a more reliable technology. The new sensor measures relative humidity via capacitance and then the dew point temperature is calculated and processed through the ASOS algorithms. The ASOS data processing algorithms have not changed; only the dew point temperature sensor has been replaced. The new ASOS dew point temperature replacement sensor is the Vaisala DTS1.

They also issued the ASOS Product Improvement Implementation Plan in 2002 which outlines all of the stations in the USA that were scheduled to get the upgraded temperature/dewpoint sensor.

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The IPCC “Simplified Expressions”

Reader DAV raised the following interesting question:

The strange thing about 6..3.5 Simplified Equations that gets me is why should CO2, CH4 and N2O have different equational forms? And what would be the physical basis for raising something to the 0.75 or 1.52 power? The whole thing looks ad hoc as if someone was insistently forcing a linear regression fit.

This was raised in the context of a discussion of the logarithmic form of the CO2 relationship, reader DAV observing that other structural forms were reported for other GHGs. So where did these other relationships come from originally? Continue reading

More Blog Management Matters

John A has briefly come out of retirement and set up a CA bulletin board, see here for prototype – which I’m hoping will resolve some blog operating issues. The Bulletin Board presently has 4 main forums and provides for threads within a forum like other boards. I can see a couple of advantages to this.

The big problem for me right now in managing the blog is the huge discrepancy between where I stand on proxy issues and physics issues.

In the multiproxy area, at this point, I’ve become expert in the discipline. I know exactly what’s new and what isn’t new and more or less where each new study fits. When I was at AGU, I was flattered and pleased by the familiarity and interest of several leading paleo-ocean scientists in the blog; they said that they read the blog regularly, got ideas from it. A few dendros were even very friendly. So to some extent, the blog has established a technical niche based on my personal knowledge of the data and methods. Yes, I need to write up articles to collate many of the observations made here, but the regular audience has got a pretty good idea by now of what one can expect and not expect from proxy reconstructions.

For general readers, in a way, the very success of the criticisms of the millennial proxy reconstructions has caused them to lose interest in the topics. (On a personal basis, I haven’t lost interest in them as there are many interesting academic issues that I find intriguing whether or not they “matter” to climate policy.) Even if the Hockey Stick is wrong (as one Energy and Commerce Committee member put it – even if Mann had never been born), AGW is still an issue. Arguably the focus in IPCC TAR on the Hockey Stick distracted them from trying to present the real arguments to the public.

However, in the physics area, I’m not expert. I’ve got some thoughts, but I’m not intimately familiar with the literature, the methodology. Readers here want to know how you get to 2.5-3 deg C from doubled CO2 – step-by-step through radiation, atmospheric physics, radiative-convective models, GCMs, whatever. No missing steps. So do I.

Any scientist from another discipline attempting to understand these things from first principles starting from IPCC is, in my opinion, going to be very frustrated, as the paper trail, if it exists, is hard to find.

I think that the way that I do things can be help general readers understand some of the physics issues. I start with IPCC, try to determine the provenance of their results, working backwards through the literature. In my opinion, this is a logical way to do things although it takes time. As noted elsewhere, I think that IPCC has been horrendously negligent in failing to provide a proper exposition of these topics. (I’m not criticizing the use of cartoons per se – don’t have any problem with cartoons; quite the contrary, I’m a big believer in cartoons as distilling the essence of a point. I’m critical of the seeming disconnect between the cartoons and any documented provenance.)

I’m not in a position to wade through GCMs, but I think that there is a useful approach via the radiative-convective models, which are intrinsically interesting in a mathematical way. In addition, my own hunch is that the salient CO2 issues should be identifiable through 1-D radiative-convective models and that the 3-D models probably introduce a myriad complications irrelevant to the CO2 issues. I think that I can see a path towards picking away at how 4 wm-2 is arrived at, how feedbacks work etc.

Unlike many readers here, I’m not the sort of person who assumes that specialists are wrong. I presume that they are right. But that doesn’t mean that it’s not worthwhile for general readers to understand the arguments. While specialists like to mystify their specialties, I’m firmly of the belief that things that are well understood can be explained. If you look at the details of calculations, you sometime notice problems. I was surprised at the error-proneness of the Mann corpus; I certainly didn’t expect to find what Eli Rabett describes as such as “garbage can” of problems, but there it was. I would be very surprised if there was a similar garbage can in the greenhouse physics. But I see no harm in trying to work through whatever calculations that I can.

Now the blog management problem for me is that any such thread seems to open the floodgates for many readers who have their pet theories about what’s wrong with climate models, their own opinions which are all too often much too angry for my liking. In my opinion, many of the most active posters here on these issues fail to spend nearly enough time understanding how the conventional argument works and far too much time trying to prove their pet theories. I have a hard enough time trying to understand the conventional arguments, so I really am uninterested in trying to understand alternative theories until I understand exactly how the conventional argument works.

I get very frustrated when the blog seems to get turned upside down by these commenters. It’s not that the topics aren’t important; they are. But the noise level becomes far too high. Perhaps a bulletin board structure will enable me to distance myself enough from these comments so that I become less frustrated by them.

Many climate scientists get very frustrated at mischaracterizations and misunderstandings of what seem to them to be elementary issues in climate science. In my opinion, they have only themselves to blame for IPCC’s failure to provide an adequate exposition (and for what it’s worth, long before AR4 was scoped, I suggested to someone familiar and involved with scoping that they provide such an exposition. So it’s not like I’m criticizing them after the fact.) As I;ve mentioned before, they should start looking in the mirror a little more rather than blaming others.

Anyway, as a form of blog management, I’m proposing to move discussion of physics-based issues to a Bulletin Board and not to permit blog comments on physics topics anymore.

This may have another advantage. When I get interested in a topic, I tend to write notes to the blog. Often, as we’re seeing right now, the notes are inter-related, which then creates a chaotic situation for someone wanting to comment and no one can really keep track of things. A forum-based mechanism might allow better for this. I’m mulling over how blog comments and bulletin board comments might inter-relate and would welcome ideas and suggestions.

Energy Balance at the Tropopause

The IPCC defines radiative forcing at the tropopause. However, nowhere do they provide a diagram showing energy balances above the tropopause and below the tropopause – something that seems like one of the first things to do. Instead, they show the Kiehl and Trenberth cartoon which treats the atmosphere as a whole without distinguishing balances above and below the layer said to be critical to radiative forcing calculations Kiehl and Trenberth 1997 online here. (Kiehl and Trenberth 1997 is a very good and interesting article and deservedly is widely cited and relied on.) Willis Eschenbach has attempted to make these estimates and has produced a very interesting calculation and diagram, doing exactly this. His calculation also sheds some interesting light on the IPCC/Houghton explanation of the enhanced greenhouse effect as being due to higher effective radiation from the troposphere. Continue reading

Reno's USHCN station

Last summer I attempted to do a survey of Reno’s USHCN official climate station. But I was thwarted by its placement at the Reno International Airport due to security and lack of accessible photographic vantage points. Reno’s USHCN station is particularly important due to it being part of the test cases of stations in the new USHCN2 scheme being implemented by NCDC. It’s also important due to it’s steep temperature trend which appears to be more of an urban heat island issue than a climate change issue. It shows up as a hot spot in USHCN contours done by Steve McIntyre.

reno-nv-station-plot.png

While there wasn’t good Google Earth photography online last summer, that has since been remedied, and high resolution photographs are now available at Google Earth and at Microsoft’s Live Earth. Having these, I was able to complete the station survey and determine that this station is a CRN4 rating due to proximity to the ILS building with a/c exhaust vents, less than 10 meters away. A CRN4 rating is unusual for an ASOS station.

reno-nv-asos.jpg
The Reno USHCN ASOS station undergoing repair, looking west.
(HO83 hygrothermometer repair perhaps?)

The Reno USHCN station is in the middle of the runway complex, between runways 16L and 16R. And what is interesting about that placement is that it seems the color/albedo of the surface where it is located is actually darker with a lower albedo than than of the nearby runways as shown below.

Reno NV ASOS aerial wide

You can see a complete photo collection of the Reno USHCN station here.

In wondering about just how this placement between runways on a darker surface environment might contribute to the upward trend in the GISS temperature graph shown above, I did some searching online and soon discovered that NOAA uses Reno’s placement problems as an example in a training manual for climate monitoring COOP managers. They’d already done all the work for me! More on that internal NOAA training manual later, as it has provided a wealth of information previously undisclosed.

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IPCC Review Editor Comments

David Holland has written in raising an excellent point about the failure of IPCC WG1 to release the Review Editor comments.

In our examination of specific issues e.g. the Briffa truncation, the handling of trends, etc., the Author Responses (online through an earlier CA initiative) show that the IPCC authors often made unconvincing and tendentious responses to comments. IPCC policies provide that these exchanges should be considered by Review Editors. David observes that IPCC failed to place the Review Editor comments online (and, BTW, I did ask for Review Editor comments in my FOI request [to NOAA asking for IPCC Review Comments].)

David wrote:

Not only is there a lack of due diligence on the science but the IPCC does not seem too fussy about demonstrating that they operate as laid down in their Governing Principles, mentioned by Dan in #17, which call for a “comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis” etc. Clause 10 says “Differing views on matters of a scientific, technical or socio -economic nature shall, as appropriate in the context, be represented in the scientific, technical or socio-economic document concerned”

That Steve and Ross thought Wahl and Ammann was inappropriate, seeing as how the IPCC never considered the accepted version, is to be expected. However when the reviewer for the Government of the United States points out that it does really does not cut the mustard ( see reviewers comment ID #: 2023-415) one might expect some mention in the text. The umpire on Chapter 6 was a Brit, the Chief Scientist of the of our Met Office, sent, I presume, at the taxpayers expense to act in accordance with paragraph 5 of Annex 1 to Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work which say the Review Editors function is to “assist the Working Group/Task Force Bureaux in identifying reviewers for the expert review process, ensure that all substantive expert and government review comments are afforded appropriate consideration, advise lead authors on how to handle contentious/controversial issues and ensure genuine controversies are reflected adequately in the text of the Report.”

Clearly the Review Editors’ advice would be interesting to read and paragraph 5 goes on to say that “Although responsibility for the final text remains with the Lead Authors, Review Editors will need to ensure that where significant differences of opinion on scientific issues remain, such differences are described in an annex to the Report. Review Editors must submit a written report to the Working Group Sessions or the Panel etc.”

From the reviewers’ comments it is clear that many areas are contentious in several of the chapters but I have seen no annexes. “Rejected” hardly seems “appropriate consideration”. Clearly the Review Editor’s written reports are something we would all like to see. In reply to my request to the British Chapter 6 Reviewer Editor I was directed to TSU who were said to be in the process of disbanding. Perhaps this is the Littauer hand off.

I shall, of course, be pressing to get see the review editors reports through FoI in the UK (did no one get sent a copy in the UK?) but in these matters some of you are in more congenial jurisdictions and I hope that someone might press to see these reports which must have been circulated to their governments – or the IPCC is even less in anyone’s control. Either the Review Editors’ reports say nothing because the umpires are biased which means the checks and balances are worthless or they were ignored. Either way the system does not work as specified.

I think that this is an excellent initiative and I would encourage other CA readers to make FOI requests for the Review Editor comments to relevant government agencies in the U.S., U.K, Canada and Australia. In the U.S., in response to our earlier FOI requests, NOAA mendaciously said that they had no IPCC review comments in their possession – given that Susan Solomon, Chairman of WG1, used NOAA email for her correspondence and NOAA praised many of their scientists for their contributions to IPCC, the idea that they were not in possession of any IPCC review comments defies credulity.

While readers can expect similar mendacious answers from government authorities, why not put them to the test? In the earlier instance, IPCC responded by putting the comments online, saving the national authorities from further examination. Maybe something similar can happen again.

Role of the IPCC

Readers have written in to say that it was not the job of the IPCC to provide a self-contained exposition of the scientific issues pertaining to increased CO2. I’ve looked at a couple of statements of the role of the IPCC and there’s certainly nothing that prohibits them from providing a coherent explanation.

IPCC’s website (About) says:

The IPCC was established to provide the decision-makers and others interested in climate change with an objective source of information about climate change. The IPCC does not conduct any research nor does it monitor climate related data or parameters. Its role is to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the latest scientific, technical and socio-economic literature produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change, its observed and projected impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. IPCC reports should be neutral with respect to policy, although they need to deal objectively with policy relevant scientific, technical and socio economic factors. They should be of high scientific and technical standards, and aim to reflect a range of views, expertise and wide geographical coverage.

One of the differences between the attitude of climate scientists and the public to IPCC is that realclimate scientists put the priority on IPCC as a literature review, while I believe that the public presumes mistakenly that the IPCC carries out independent due diligence, like an engineer or auditor would. Clearly review of recent literature is central to the mandate expressed above.

Now here is another statement of IPCC’s role, which is related to the above, but different.

2. The role of the IPCC is to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. IPCC reports should be neutral with respect to policy, although they may need to deal objectively with scientific, technical and socio-economic factors relevant to the application of particular policies.

You’ll notice that review of the latest literature does not appear in this statement of role, although the latest literature would obviously be relevant to discharging the assessment of information set out in this statement of role. The second one seems to be the older statement. It would be interesting to know when the phrase about reviewing the latest literature was inserted in the IPCC mandate and whether this phrasing was approved by member governments or merely by the secretariat.

Sir John Houghton on the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Yesterday I collated IPCC AR3 and AR4 “expositions” of the enhanced greenhouse effect, observing that, in my opinion, they were so baby food as to be essentially useless to a scientist from another discipline. Today I’m going to drill a little deeper in the expositions, going to a 1995 journal comment by Houghton and to his text, Global Warming: the complete briefing, to see if either contains a more useful exposition. I’ll also comment on why I find the IPCC heuristic particularly unsatisfying. Continue reading