Hughes on Australian ABC

The Australian Broadcasting Corp. had an interview with Malcolm Hughes on Apr 5 when he once more attempted to blame the messengers for identifying the shortcomings of their own statistical methodology. We eagerly await the Dendro Truth Squad rebutting this “misinformation”. Continue reading

Water Vapor Feedback

In response to an inquiry to Scott Saleska, Dan Kirk-Davidoff, a prominent expert in the field, has sent the following suggestions:

Soden and Held 2006, An Assessment of Climate Feedbacks in Coupled Ocean—Atmosphere Models, J. Climate 19:3354, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3799.1 reviews the relative role of various feedbacks in the IPCC AR4 runs.

Held and Soden, “Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming” Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 2000. 25:441—75 is a general review of the problem, including discussions of the different dynamics and physics involved in water vapor response to temperature changes in the boundary layer and free troposphere, as well as a discussion of the feedback on a global level. If you haven’t read it, I think you will find it very interesting and though-provoking.

Held and Soden 2000 is online here . Soden and Held was discussed last year in passing. What surprised me in the discussion was that Held’s expectation was that cloud feedback in the GCMs would be positive in some models and negative in others. He expressed surprise in a realclimate comment that it turned out that it was strongly positive in all models. [link] I must say that his surprise intrigued me.

Dan has sent in the following additional reference on convection and cloud modeling:

The problem has been a lack of detailed data. If you could accurately and precisely measure the temperature, water vapor content and cloud radiative forcing over the whole atmosphere at high space and time resolutions, you could go a long way towards testing and correcting the cloud and convection parameterization. Those data are finally becoming available; between the COSMIC GPS satellite network, which can produce accurate temperature profiles through most of the depth of the atmosphere 2500 times/daily, the various spectrally-resolved IR observing instruments (AIRS, IASI, eventually CrIS), and cloud-observing satellites like CloudSat, we are amassing data that will provide a serious capability to falsify model statistics at a wide range of time and space scales.

This is not to say that people haven’t been working on the problem with the data at hand. The ARM observation sites were designed expressly for this purpose- here’s a brief summary white paper on the topic:

The entire issue of water vapor feedback is very important in forming a view on whether increased CO2 content is a big or little problem. Both water vapor feedback and clouds have been identified as critical issues since at least as early as the Charney Report in 1979 and I suspect that much of the difficulty in making much (any) progress in reducing the uncertainties in climate models relates to the difficulty in reducing uncertainty in this area. If one were managing climate model engineering in the same way as space station engineering, I would really focus on this area. Given the sensitivity of GCM results to varying assumptions and parameterizations in this area, I would have liked it if AR4 had devoted entire chapters to each major issue in clouds and water vapor feedback, instead of a few cursory pages.

North American Upper Treeline #2

In our continued search for evidence supporting the IPCC 4AR SPM claim that “”Studies since the TAR draw increased confidence from additional data showing coherent behaviour across multiple indicators in different parts of the world”, I am reviewing upper treeline North American site chronologies specifically mentioned in the short Wilson and Luckman 2003 survey of such chronologies excerpted yesterday here. Their short survey began: “Dendrochronological studies at upper treeline in the southern Canadian Cordillera have focused on either Vancouver Island (Smith and Laroque, 1998; Laroque and Smith, 1999)… ” Continue reading

Unthreaded #8

Continuation of Unthreaded #7

North American Upper Treeline #1

In my continuing search for updated dendroclimatological temperature proxies, I started by looking at what had been archived at ITRDB; this has proved to be a very disappointing source of candidates. I’ve re-canvassed some literature for candidate unarchived information. In an email, Connie Woodhouse mentioned that their efforts with upper treeline sites in the U.S. had not yielded any useful results. Our occasional and valued correspondent, Rob Wilson, is very much at the center of upper treeline dendro studies in Canada, making our occasional visits with him all the more valuable. Luckman and Wilson 2003 contains the following useful short synopsis of upper treeline studies:

Dendrochronological studies at upper treeline in the southern Canadian Cordillera have focused on either Vancouver Island (Smith and Laroque, 1998; Laroque and Smith, 1999) or the Canadian Rocky Mountains (Parker and Henoch, 1971; Luckman et al., 1985; 1997; St George and Luckman, 2001). Only two treeline spruce chronologies are available from the large intervening area (Schweingruber, 1988). Recent work in the southern Rockies has established networks of chronology sites using Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm) and alpine larch (Larix lyallii Parl) that typically average 300—400 years (Luckman, 1996) but include millennial-length chronologies from each species. Temperature reconstructions have been developed from some of these data using alpine larch (Colenutt, 2000) and Engelmann spruce (Luckman et al., 1985; 1997; St George and Luckman, 2001).

In 1998 a network of 20 new Engelmann spruce chronologies was sampled from sites across southern British Columbia (Figure 1). All sites were at or within 100—200 m of upper treeline, including sites at Kokanee and Kootenay Pass close to the two chronologies sampled in 1983 (Schweingruber, 1988). An additional ring-width chronology was developed for Harts Pass in Washington State from five spruce chronologies sampled in 1992 (Peterson and Peterson, 1994).

Disappointingly, none of the new Canadian measurement data has been archived; only one chronology (the updated Athabaska chronology) has been archived, though oddly enough it does not appear in the ITRDB archive but in the more general WDCP reconstruction archive. As time permits, I plan to post up short excerpts from each of these studies trying to work back as much as possible.

Today I’ll start with Smith and Laroque 1998, the first paper on the list. Continue reading

Nature's Style: "Naturally Orthogonal"?

Wilson and Luckman 2003 observe:

The first PCs from the RW and MXD PCA are naturally orthogonal (r = —0.006) over the 1900—1991 period suggesting the in’?fluence of different forcing mechanisms upon these parameters.

They move on without pausing here, but this point should not be left without a commentary. The issue here is one that I’ve mentioned in passing before, but this is a very nice example. Both RW chronologies and MXD chronologies are supposed to be temperature proxies. The “noise” in dendro proxies is widely believed (e.g. realclimate here ) to be at worst low-order red noise – also see the controversy between Wahl et al and VZ on this. Think for a moment about whether these positions are compatible in this case. Continue reading

Regression and Varimax Rotation

I’ve been reading through some articles on altitudinal reconstructions by Rob Wilson and other Luckman students. The studies all follow a similar strategy as Wilson et al 2007 – principal components analysis; truncation to eigenvalues > 1, varimax rotation and regression. It’s pretty obvious that these operations are all linear and if the linear algebra were boiled down, the operations simply provide weights for the sites. (On a previous occasion, I showed how the MBH linear algebra was a vast panoply of calculations, many of which cancelled out if the linear algebra were analyzed.)

Today I’m going to work through the linear algebra of the multivariate method used in Wilson et al 2007 and similar studies. It appears to me that the Varimax rotation doesn’t actually do anything and is cancelled out.

I’m not 100% of the algebra below; maybe UC or Jean S or someone else can check this. Also if anyone has any references in a real statistics book (not by climate scientists) to the effect of combining regression with varimax principal components, I’d be interested.
Continue reading

Freedom of Information – Jones et al 1990

I’ve reported here on my progress with UEA in obtaining identification of the sites used in Jones et al 1990, a study of the urban heat island effect. [Update – the Jones et al data was posted up here. ]

I initially inquired a couple of years ago as I mentioned here. I sent an FOI request to the University of East Anglia, which was refused on the grounds that:

The reason for claiming Regulation 6(1)(b) is that the station specific raw (i.e. daily) urban’ data requested is already accessible on publicly available websites, specifically:
1) The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN-Monthly) page within US National Climate Data Centre website at:
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/ghcn-monthly/index.php, and,
2) the Climate & Global Dynamics Division (CGD) page of the Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory (ESSL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) site at: http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/tn404/

In regards Regulation 12(4)(a), the information from rural’ data stations no longer exists in the form requested at the University of East Anglia.

I appealed this ruling, providing reasons as noted here. Guess
what? Continue reading

Forward Modeling of Ring Widths

bender drew our attention to the following interesting paper from Evans et al (including Heghes and Vaganov) attempting the salutory exercise of forward modeling tree ring site chronologies from climate data. bender quoted from the intro:

Two major uncertainties lie in the statistical development, analysis and interpretation of tree-ring data for paleoclimate studies. First, there are nonclimatic influences on tree-ring records, including tree biology, size, age and the effects of localized forest dynamics [Cook and Kairiukstis, 1990]…. Perhaps of more concern is that tree ring data reflect a nonlinear response to multivariate climate forcings.

and reported:

Read the whole paper for context. This shows the dendros are working on the problem.

I don’t have time to analyze the paper and merely bring it to people’s attention. For reference, the sites in question were said to be 190 MBH98 sites and 8 Russian sites.

Of these, 190 data series for North America are from the Mann et al. [1998] data set. These data were screened a priori for several quality control variables [Mann et al., 2000] to produce a data set most conducive to paleoclimate reconstruction, and represent an excellent target for this study. Data from eight sites in Russia are from published or unpublished data sets developed by Vaganov et al. [1999, 2006, submitted manuscript, 2006].

Although this study is published in an AGU journal requiring data citation, the 190 MBH98 sites are not listed in an SI (nor the 8 Russian sites). There were 232 sites listed in the original SI, of which only 212 sites were actually used. In the location map, I noticed that there were no Alaska sites, so MBH98 Alaska sites appear to have been removed from the population for some reason. In the early screening which reduced the population from 232 sites to 212 sites, sites that were removed in order to “produce a data set most conducive to paleoclimate reconstruction” included the Hart’s Pass WA site (together with other Peterson sites in Washington). I mention this because the Hart’s Pass WA site is the only ITRDB site used by Rob Wilson in Wilson et al 2003 to supplement his own collection – so it would be interesting to know why this site is rejected by one dendroclimatological group and accepted by another. It would also be interesting to know why the Alaska sites were removed, as some of these were presumably temperature proxies.

Their Figure 2 is for the Ulan-Ude, Buryatia region, southern Siberia: 51.8N, 107.6E; 510 m elevation. It’s in the same general location as Barabinsk (57,5N, 97.5E), where I experimented with information on Russian stations, I’ll try to see what station data is available in Ulan-Ude at some point.

In terms of recent debate, the issue is not whether dendroclimatologists are or are not working on their problems, but whether the IPCC is over-selling.

Update: Here are a couple of graphics showing gridded and station data for Ulan-Ude and its gridcell. Several versions of station data are shown here. The station data shows a rather remarkable increase since the 19th century in the GHCN adjusted version (which does not incorporate recent Russian data.)

ulan_u18.gif
Figure 1 – Several versions of Ulan-Ude station data

ulan_u16.gif
Figure 1 – Several versions of Ulan-Ude gridded data

Reference:
Evans, M. N., B. K. Reichert, A. Kaplan, K. J. Anchukaitis, E. A. Vaganov, M. K. Hughes, and M. A. Cane, A forward modeling approach to paleoclimatic interpretation of tree-ring data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, G03008, doi:10.1029/2006JG000166, 1-13, 2006
url

Ruling in Mass v EPA

here . Decision was 5-4 split decision ruling against EPA, more or less breaking along party lines.

STEVENS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which KENNEDY, SOUTER, GINSBURG, and BREYER, JJ., joined. ROBERTS, C. J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which SCALIA, THOMAS, and ALITO, JJ., joined. SCALIA, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which ROBERTS, C. J., and THOMAS and ALITO, JJ., joined.

I haven’t read the opinion yet, but I’ve read a lot of case reports and rather enjoy them. What you should look for in this type of decision is whether the judges have picked the narrowest possible thing to rule on – that’s what they usually do and there’s a reason why they do. They tend to worry about repercussions of rulings in this case on other unrelated matters – there’s an old saying “Hard facts make bad law”. They have to consider not just climate change policy, but how this ruling on regulatory responsibility will be levered up in every other contentious regulatory issues.